Coal use in 19th century Britain had a substantial adverse impact on infant mortality. If more efficient methods for extracting coal (available at the time) had been used, the 31 largest cities in England and Wales would have had an additional 1.5 million residents by 1911.

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Coal use in 19th century Britain had a substantial adverse impact on infant mortality. If more efficient methods for extracting coal (available at the time) had been used, the 31 largest cities in England and Wales would have had an additional 1.5 million residents by 1911.