Why some low-income neighborhoods are better than others: Exposure to lead, violence and incarceration affects kids’ upward mobility. Punishing and toxic neighborhood environments independently predict the intergenerational social mobility of black and white children.

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Why some low-income neighborhoods are better than others: Exposure to lead, violence and incarceration affects kids’ upward mobility. Punishing and toxic neighborhood environments independently predict the intergenerational social mobility of black and white children.